Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research

(New York, February 5th) — What if we could prevent cancer recurrence for years after surgery by giving simple recall injections every two or three years? This concept may no longer be a fantasy. In a clinical study published online this week by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, a team headed by the international Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (LICR) has shown that a vaccine against a protein found in cancer cells produces an immune response that can be boosted and strengthened with additional vaccine shots. Patients with resected non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were treated with this investigational agent, also known as an Antigen-Specific Cancer Immunotherapeutic (ASCI), in another clinical study conducted by GlaxoSmithKline. The results showed a reduction in risk of cancer recurrence in these patients, a finding that prompted GlaxoSmithKline to initiate the largest ever clinical trial in lung cancer (MAGRIT study).

According to LICR’s Dr. Sacha Gnjatic, the senior author of this LICR-sponsored study, the long ‘immunological memory’ is exactly what cancer immunologists are hoping to see. “Vaccines against infectious diseases induce immunological responses that typically last for years, and ideally we want a cancer vaccine that does the same thing. We previously learned that our vaccine could stimulate an immune response recognizing a protein found in lung cancer cells but we did not know how long the response lasted. We now know that this vaccine induces strong and persistent immunity over several years, which can be further ‘boosted’ with additional vaccination.” Dr. Gnjatic said that the booster shots, given two years after the first cycle of vaccinations, not only reactivated the initial immune response in patients who received the priming vaccination, it also diversified the types of immune cells specific for the cancer protein. “We’ve not only kept the immune system interested, we’ve also got it to more broadly recognize the protein that marks the cell as being a cancer cell.”

LICR and the Cancer Research Institute, both head-quartered in New York, supported the study under the auspices of the Cancer Vaccine Collaborative, with the clinical component conducted by Dr. Nasser Altorki at New York Presbyterian Hospital / Weill Medical College of Cornell University.

Cancer vaccines have two principal components. One component, the ‘adjuvant,’ stimulates the immune system in a general way, and the other component, the ‘tumor antigen’ — in this case, the MAGE-A3 antigen — directs the immune response specifically against the cancer cell. Last month, another LICR-sponsored clinical trial within the Cancer Vaccine Collaborative showed that a cancer vaccine based on the tumor antigen NY-ESO-1 stimulated an immune response in women with ovarian cancer. The results from that trial were suggestive that a similar boost strategy could be beneficial for long-term immunological memory in that disease also.

A completely unexpected finding from the present study was that the inital formulation and delivery of the tumor antigen to the immune system is critical and suggests that the combination of the antigen with an immunological adjuvant is key. The original, small clinical study, conducted three years ago by the Cancer Vaccine Collaborative, showed that the adjuvant was necessary for activation of the immune system; patients who received antigen alone failed to mount specific immune responses. Surprisingly, these same patients also failed to mount immune responses even when they received the full vaccine — adjuvant plus antigen — as a booster shot.

“This is such a surprising result,” says LICR’s Dr. Lloyd Old, another author on the study and Director of the Cancer Vaccine Collaborative. “In the vaccine field, boosters are given to convert negative or weak reactions to positive ones, and we really thought we would see the same thing. One intriguing possibility is that regulatory mechanisms were activated following the original weak response induced by the vaccine without adjuvant. These findings will certainly have ramifications for the whole field to determine the formulation and delivery of future cancer vaccines.”

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This study was conducted by investigators from: Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York Branch; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Division of Thoracic Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York. The study was supported by the Cancer Research Institute and the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research under the auspices of the Cancer Vaccine Collaborative.

The Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (LICR) is a global not-for-profit institute dedicated to understanding and controlling cancer. With operations at 73 sites in 17 countries, the LICR network quite literally spans the world. LICR has developed an impressive portfolio of reagents, knowledge, expertise, and intellectual property, and has also assembled the personnel, facilities, and practices necessary to patent, clinically evaluate, license, and thus translate, the most promising aspects of its own laboratory research into cancer therapies. www.licr.org

About the Cancer Vaccine Collaborative
The Cancer Vaccine Collaborative (CVC) is an innovative partnership between two not-for-profit institutions, the Cancer Research Institute and the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research. Each of these institutions has a long and distinguished history in the field of cancer immunology and each is committed to translating laboratory discoveries in this field into therapeutic cancer vaccines. Begun in 2001, the CVC presently supports and directs network of coordinated early-phase cancer vaccine trials at 22 hospitals and medical centers around the world. These multiple yet parallel trials use defined antigens, standardized treatment protocols, uniform monitoring methodologies, and centralized data collection to provide comparable results that are teaching us how to effectively immunize against cancer.

About the Cancer Research Institute
The Cancer Research Institute (CRI) is the world’s only non-profit organization dedicated exclusively to the support and coordination of scientific and clinical efforts that will lead to the immunological treatment, control, and prevention of cancer. Guided by a world-renowned Scientific Advisory Council that includes five Nobel Prize winners and thirty members of the National Academy of Sciences, CRI supports cutting-edge cancer research at top medical centers and universities throughout the world. The Cancer Research Institute is ushering in a new era of scientific progress, hastening the discovery of effective cancer vaccines and other immune-based therapies that are providing new hope to cancer patients. CRI has one of the lowest overhead expense ratios among non-profit organizations, with the majority of its resources going directly to the support of its science, medical, and research programs. This has consistently earned CRI an A grade or higher for fiscal disclosure and efficiency from the American Institute of Philanthropy and top marks from other charity watchdog organizations. www.cancerresearch.org